WiFi signals travel through space as radio waves. These waves are a form of electromagnetic radiation, which allows them to move through the air, walls, and other obstacles, though their strength can vary widely depending on several factors.
When a device, such as a router, sends out a WiFi signal, it does so by generating these radio waves at specific frequencies, most commonly 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The signals are transmitted omnidirectionally, meaning they spread out in all directions from the source. This omnidirectional pattern helps cover a broader area, allowing multiple devices to connect to the network as long as they fall within the signal range.
As the WiFi signal travels, its strength diminishes over distance. This loss of strength is known as attenuation, which can occur due to various obstacles. For example, concrete walls, metal objects, and other electronic devices can interfere with or obstruct the signal. Environmental factors, such as weather conditions and physical obstructions, can also impact the clarity and reach of WiFi signals.
There are two primary frequency bands used for WiFi communication. The 2.4 GHz band has a longer range but is more susceptible to interference from devices like microwaves and cordless phones, which use similar frequencies. Meanwhile, the 5 GHz band offers higher data transmission speeds and less interference, but its range is shorter and it cannot penetrate walls and obstacles as effectively.
WiFi networks also utilize a technique called "MIMO" (Multiple Input Multiple Output), which allows multiple antennas to enhance the signal strength and data rates. This technology can improve performance significantly in environments with many connected devices.
In summary, WiFi signals travel as radio waves emitted by a router, spreading out to connect devices while gradually losing strength due to distance and obstacles. Understanding these principles can help in optimizing the placement of WiFi routers for better coverage and performance in your environment.